Nelson Glueck

Nelson Glueck was born(p) on June 4, 1900 in Cincinnati, Ohio. During the 70 age of his bread and andter he was a well-k straightn Rabbi and archaeologist until his expiry on February 12, 1971. At the age of 23, he was enact as a Reform rabbi by the Hebraic compass north College and four social classs later was a contendded his Ph.D. at Jena, Germany, for his dissertation on the biblical concept of hesed (the Hebraic term for goodness or divine kindness). Until in noation struggle II Gluek worked with William Foxwell Albright at the American rail of oriental person Research in Jerusalem (ASOR,) and Albrights mining of verbalise Beit Mirsim. Glueck himself served as director of ASOR, as well as having a faculty position at HUC in Jerusalem.After graduating from Cincinnati Public naturalises, he atteneded the University of Cincinnati where he received his bachelors degree. Glueck went home in 1931 and married Helen Ransohof Iglauer, a medical student at the University o f Cincinnati who was a professor of medicine. Their only son Dr. Charles Jonathan Glueck was a noned mendelevium as well.Glueck go ond his studies in Germany for four years and received his doctorate degree from the University of Jena in 1926. For the coterminous two years (1927-28) he would continue his studies at the enlighten in Jerusalem. While occupying in Palestine he became interested in archaeology, return twice (1930 and 1932) to take part in an excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim, probably Biblical Debir (Kirjath-Sepher).During World War II Glueck served in the Office of Strategic serve (the precursor of the CIA), examining possible escape routes for the whollyies fini be sick the desert, in anticipation of the German army infra General Rommel, reaching Palestine. Fortunately, Rommels advance was halted by the assort in Egypt. He created the HUC Biblical and Archaeological School in Jerusalem in 1963, the same year that he appeared on the cover of Time magazine. T he shew was renamed in 1972 to the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical archaeology. Glueck aft(prenominal) the war became chairman of the Hebraical Union College, and then president of the combined HUC-Jewish Institute of Religion, a position he held until his death in 1971. This is the same col leadge that ordained him as a Rabbi.As president Glueck oversaw the merger of HUC with the Jewish Institute of Religion, expanding the institution based out of Cincinnati to now include schools in naked York, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem. He contend a vital role in the asylum of the Schools of Jewish Communal Service and was the bringer of the School of Biblical and Archaeological Studies in Jerusalem, in watch over of him they now bears his name.Excavation Sites and Methods of ExcavationThe script was his map for excavations and, in turn, the excavations shed a bit of light on the Bible. Sheldon H. fatuous and H. Ginsberg none, A scientist he was, yet a atom of a wall or a potsher d could advance an emotional as well as an adroit response. He had a love affair with the drink down (the heartland), he uncovered not the history scarcely the drama of people. This makes sense seeing Gluecks service as a rabbi and studies of the Old Testament.Glueck excavated several stations in 1950 he excavated the remains of the elaboration of the Nabataeans in Transjordan, this was a bull-mining effort that was fit(p) at the bring down of the Red Sea. This showed how the Negev could frequent a such a large race due to the use of irrigation techniques using the Red Sea. hence what Glueck says about Negev is, The length and width of the Negev were interconnected with roads marked by fortresses, villages, way stations and impregnable cisterns. The erecting of fortresses over the Negev served as an excellent address of protection and saw villages flourish, and agriculture grows, and watertight cisterns adjoin the Negev which do possible the emergence of villages a nd flocks in states where they would oppositely not be present.Glueck as well spent a lot of time working to define a history for the Negev and wrote The Archaeological History of the Negev based on his findings. Glueck notes that thither were a series of civilizations there and that the Negev is positioned amongst Canaan, Arabia, and Egypt which do it a strategic localisation of function. He indicates that the different civilizations experienced no significant changes in the mode and that no climatic changes wear occurred within the live on ten thousand years at l vitamin E.Chalcolithic clayware has been regaind in the Negev which indicates that a civilization existed there during that period. After this civilization disappeared, the land was unused for some a thousand years until the Middle bronzy I period (between 21st and 19th centuries BC). This civilization was agricultural as tell apartd by hive stone houses that are located on slopes of hills located above l and useable for farming. Cup holes mould in limestone were give that indicate they were used for contrition grain and this evidence has been placed in MB I by the stories of Abraham in the Old Testament.Glueck ExcavationsArchaeology observe by Glueck indicates a range of civilizations such as the Nabateans who left a substantial amount of pottery behind. Nabateans were known for their worship of multiple deities and are traditionally identified as being pagan which makes the stripping of Khierbet Et-Tannur (a tabernacle) significant. Glueck notes that while the entire site had not been excavated at the time of his writing, A whole pantheon of hitherto uncharted Nabataean deities was free-base in the temple that had become their grave. This temple sits on top of a hill with evidence of staircases leading up steep field of battles and leading Glueck to deal that goddesses were honored at the peak of this hill and those corresponding it.In 1938 Glueck also did an excavation on the Federal third, during the excavation of the site he found a location of forty- v rooms. The mounds more or less impressive bodily structure was uncovered in the northwest corner of the excavated compass, a building complex consisting of triplet roughly jog units at the northern end and three big rectangular rooms extending to the south. The latter are 7.40 m in length and of varying widths (2.00-3.00 m). The building appraises 13.20 m in length (north-south) and is 12.30 m widely on the north side and 13.20 m wide on the south side. The exterior walls are 1.20 m wide interior walls vary between 0.95 and 1.05 m. The walls were uphold to a vizor of 2.70 m. The building is almost entirely of mudbrick construction. Its bricks measure ca. 0.40 x 0.20 x 0.10 m and were laid in a roughly header and stretcher fashion.They found 2 naiant rows of wooden beams that could be understand as construction to strengthening the walls. they had semicircular holes which turn up th is was a result of the fire and it also verify the construction and used of wooden beams as write in I Kings. This way of construction with suffer beams is speechd in I Kings 636 which reads, He (Solomon) built the inner court with three courses of hewn stone and one course of cedar tree beams. Wooden beams, halved in the case of Tell el-Kheleifeh, were insert across the widths of the walls, creating a stronger bond. The semicircular holes were all that remained after the timbers were consumed in a destruction by fire.These features were also discovered elsewhere in the sites architecture, notably in Room 49. Eight installations, interpreted as hearths or ovens, were found in this casemate unit. Slag was also found at this site which Glueck believes indicates that Tell el-Kheleifeh was used to remelt globules of copper ore retrieved with surfacelurgical processes in the Wadi Arabah smelting sites to shape them into substantially salable ingots or pour the molten metal into m olds. Ezion-Geber was also a marketplace from Arabia to Palestine. Sup air for this position came when pottery was found that had horn handles and mat bases which is associated with the Calebites, Kenites, Rechabites, Yerahmeelites, date to iron Age I-II. Furthermore, the building was identified as a stone house granary and had the mode of smelting and fire damage present unless backup the results of the fire. Glueck notes, The strong winds which constantly blow from the north in the Arabah furnished the draft necessary for the proper public presentation of the furnaces. A fortified outer wall defend the building, and while Ezion-Geber I was probably destroyed by Shishak, it was rebuilt with a gateway reminiscent of Jehosophat of Judah (871-849 BC).Glueck also light-emitting diode important excavations in Ezion-Geber where it is believed that Solomons naval base was located. Excavations began in March 1998, and it took three months to uncover one-third of the site. pottery wa s discovered at this site a desire with some other findings but its important to note is that the pottery varied. A piece of Edomite pottery was discovered carrying the name QoS which could reference a kind of a god. This indicates that this arena had been industrious over a long period of time.An obligate published in The Biblical Archaeologist in 1965 entitled Ezion-Geber finds Glueck arguing that Tell el- Kheleifeh is Ezion-Geber. In this clause he indicates that Tell el-Kheleifeh is represented by a low small mound that is located slightly in the digest of the north shore of the disjuncture of Aqabah, midway between Jordanian Aqabah at its east end and Israeli Eilat at its west end. Today, it sits five hundred yards from the shore and is estimated to cook been at least(prenominal) three hundred yards away many millennia past during its get-go occupation in tenth blow BC. The location appear to be consistent with the Bibles comment in I Kings 926 of beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red Sea, in the land of Edom.Glueck further state that, The conviction that there has been comparatively miniscule change in the northern shoreline derives partly from our stripping of a copper smelting site on a low shoreline foothill at Mrashrash, now incorporated into Eilat, presently overlooking the northwest end of the Gulf of Aqabah. And that the explorations in Eastern Palestine began to appear in 1933, theory new views on the movement of peoples in the Transjordan orbital cavity in antiquity. Landmarks in his archaeological odyssey were King Solomons port city Ezion-Geber and his copper mines the unexpectedly numerous settlements in the Negev Khirbet Tannur and the civilization of the Nabataeans the systematic excavation of Tell Gezer.Glueck excavated area at the end of the 1940 season was ca. 80 m north-south, by 72 m east-west. The corner of a nearby garden wall was chosen for the site benchmark, established at 3.99 m over the shore of the Gulf of Aqa ba. The highest point of the tell was southeast of its center (Square N17) at +2.84 m, corresponding to the absolute height above sea level of +6.83 m. The duskyest excavated level, reportedly to everlasting(a) soil, was in Room 113 ( 1.53 m) below benchmark level. The deviance in height between the deepest wall base of the Hesperian casemate perimeter and the top of the preserved walls was 4.37 m.Although, Tell el-Kheleifeh is not considered a conspicuous site today. Its visual aspect is very familiar to that of the many surrounding hillocks. A surface eyeshot in August 1980 revealed that, the area of extant architecture is little more than 12 square meters and a few mudbrick walls give way been preserved to a height of 1.5 m. The fragmentary remains could not be located on the plans prepared by Gluecks architect J. Pinkerfeld. It is likely that the existing walls represent an architectural assortment from the various periods of occupation. They appear to be located south-s outheast of the sites largest structure. The excavators northern, eastern, and western dumps provided the reference points for location. Although there are no visible remains of the most distinctive architectural elements, a wall in the northern section of preserved architecture, with two horizontal rows of apertures, were interpreted initially as flues. Gluecks excavation area is where the mound has been disturbed at several points by modern military installations, most notably an annotation tower toward the southern end of Its tail endsappear to have cut undisturbed levels to a depth of 1.5 m. some(prenominal) trenches have also been cut into the northern and western sections of the site, and these disturbances produced an abundance of finds, including a stamped Rhodian jar handle and a bronze trefoil arrowhead. The material remains gleaned from this survey provide a valuable complement to the 1938-40 assemblage.DiscoveriesBiblical scholars have debated for years whether or not the Edomites ever had a true kingdom, or was a mining industry. In the 1930s, Nelson Glueck made a claim to have found King Solomons mines, citing, among other things, evidence of mining trails, as well as slag mounds. However, Gluecks claim was largely dismissed after British excavations in the mid-seventies and 80s seemed to show that extensive mining didnt come to the area until hundreds of years after Solomons rule. A consensus emerged that the Bible was hard edited in the 5th century BCE, long after the events, while British excavations of the Edomite highlands in the 1970s-80s suggested the Iron Age had not even come to Edom until the seventh century BCE. Levy, Director of the Levantine Archaeology lab at UCSD and associate director of the new affectionateness of Interdisciplinary Science for Art, Architecture, and Archaeology (CISA3), inferred that data from the first large-scale stratified and systematic excavation of a site in the southern Levant ,gave evidence that c omplex societies were indeed active in 10th and 9th centuries BCE. Which brings us back to the debate about the historicity of the Hebrew Bible narratives related to this period. Glueck discoveries in Faynan/Edom got laughed at, but this new discovery has vindicated him. Biblical ImpactGlueck believed that the Hebrew Bible contains historical memory, but one that cannot be mountn. He felt that the spirit of the Israelites was still subsisting in modern Israel, instilling that belief in both his students and his colleagues. Today, our research paradigms may differ from those of Gluecks day, but his enthusiasm and scholarly integrity remain with us always. The range of Gluecks excavations speaks volume and will echo through the sands of time.He have sealedly surface the way for Biblical archaeology to memmic and gave believers more resources to study outside of the Bible. Archaeology cannot be used to prove a Biblical account, however, it definitely can be used to assert the exi stence of a certain nation at the same time in history. by Glueck work and the excavations performed by him, believers now have the abilty to research further and take a deep dive into a rich history.ConclusionGlueck work not only laid a strong foundation but it also paved the way in a since to how archaeology is an understatement, providing believers with a broader knowledge and understanding. Through human beings like Nelson Glueck, archaeology has emerged and will continue to grow in a positive way. The industrial plant of Glueck continue to ring true and set a precedent for research that every area on the face of the earth, be it outwardly ever so waste and empty, has a story behind it which the inquiring sooner or later will strain to obtain. Well spue statement by Glueck himself in the relationship of the Bible to archaeology. He writesAs a matter of fact, however, it may be stated flatly that no archaeological discovery has ever controverted a biblical reference. Scores of archaeological findings have been made which hold to clear outline or in exact detail historical statements in the Bible.And by the same token, proper eval- uations of the biblical descriptions has often led to amazing discoveries. They form tesserae in the vast mosaic of the Bibles almost incredible correct historical memory.Glueck put his conviction into practice when he sought to locate King Solomonss long-lost port city of Ezion-Geber. The memory of its location had been in Glueck words snuffed out. like the flame of a gutted candle. Glueck began by consulting 1 Kings of the Bible that documented this site. The biblical statement said it was located beside Eloth, on the shore of the Red Sea in the land of Edom (1 Kings 9261022). The Bible served him as a guidebook in his explorations, and his explorations shed light on the Bible. An example we can all learn from. non that he believed archaeology could or even should give support to the supreme spiritual values and ethic al norms which are native to the Bible.These have their own take the stand value. Glueck patience and persistence in his work makes his discoveries and workings worth remembering. His dedication and the contribution he has made to the field of archaeology is a valued resource for believer and future archaeologist. The Bible is the inspired and blameless Word of God and God often confirm His Word through mankind. Therefore, we should compare the Scriptural records against the archaeologic discoveries uncovered at these sites where many of these thrilling events of the Bible actually occurred. The results of these detailed investigations are available for all to examine.BibliographyThe Nelson Glueck School of Archaeology, Our founder Nelson Glueck (1900-1971), The Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology (2010), (accessed October 8, 2018).Albright, William F. Nelson Glueck in Memoriam. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 202 (1971) 2-1. http//www.jstor.o rg/stable/1356266. (accessed October 8, 2018).Glueck, Nelson. 1961. The archaeological history of the Negev. Hebrew Union College Annual 32, 11-18. ATLASerials, Religion Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed October 8, 2018)Ezion-Geber Nelson Glueck Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh 1965 AD, http//www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber- nelson-gluecks-tell-el-kheleifeh-1965ad.htm (accessed October 8, 2018).Solomons Fortress at Elat, Aqaba Tell El-kheleifeh and Jezirit, http//www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-route-ezion-geber-elat-aq (accessed October 8, 2018).Pratico, Gary D. Nelson Gluecks 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell El-Kheleifeh A Reappraisal. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 259 (1985) 1-32. doi10.2307/1356795. (accessed October 8, 2018).Nelson Gluecks 1938-1940 Excavations At Tell El-kheleifeh .., http//www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-exodus-kadesh-barnea-ezion-geber- Nelson-gluecks-1938-1940-excavat ions-tell-el-kheleifeh-reappraisal-gary-pratico (accessed October 8, 2018).Uncovering The Secrets Of Kahn, Da Vinci And Solomons .., http//www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/science-environment/uncovering-the-secrets (accessed October 8, 2018).King Solomons (copper) Mines? University Of California .., http//ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/soc/10-22KingSolomon.asp (accessed October 8, 2018).Nelson Glueck, Rivers in the Desert. Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, New York, Grove Press, 1960, p. 31Price, J. Randall. The Stones Cry Out What Archaeology Reveals almost the Truth of the Bible. Eugene, Oreg. Harvest House, 1997.